60 research outputs found

    Photoelectron imaging of XUV photoionization of CO2 by 13-40 eV synchrotron radiation

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    Valence band photoionization of CO2 has been studied by photoelectron spectroscopy using a velocity map imaging spectrometer and synchrotron radiation. The measured data allow retrieving electronic and vibrational branching ratios, vibrationally resolved asymmetry parameters, and the total electron yield which includes multiple strong resonances. Additionally, the spectrum of low kinetic energy electrons has been studied in the resonant region, and the evolution with photon energy of one of the forbidden transitions present in the slow photoelectrons spectrum has been carefully analyzed, indicating that in the presence of auto-ionizing resonances the vibrational populations of the ion are significantly redistributed

    Strong field ionization of small hydrocarbon chains with full 3D momentum analysis

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    Strong field ionization of small hydrocarbon chains is studied in a kinematic complete experiment using a reaction microscope. By coincidence detection of ions and electrons different ionization continua populated during the ionization process are identified. In addition, photoelectron momentum distributions from laser-aligned molecules allow to characterize the electron wavepackets emerging from different Dyson orbitals

    ECM using Edwards curves

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    Breaking ECC2K-130

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    Elliptic-curve cryptography is becoming the standard public-key primitive not only for mobile devices but also for high-security applications. Advantages are the higher cryptographic strength per bit in comparison with RSA and the higher speed in implementations. To improve understanding of the exact strength of the elliptic-curve discrete-logarithm problem, Certicom has published a series of challenges. This paper describes breaking the ECC2K-130 challenge using a parallelized version of Pollard\u27s rho method. This is a major computation bringing together the contributions of several clusters of conventional computers, PlayStation~3 clusters, computers with powerful graphics cards and FPGAs. We also give /preseestimates for an ASIC design. In particular we present * our choice and analysis of the iteration function for the rho method; * our choice of finite field arithmetic and representation; * detailed descriptions of the implementations on a multitude of platforms: CPUs, Cells, GPUs, FPGAs, and ASICs; * details about running the attack

    Efficient Divisor Class Halving on Genus Two Curves

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    Efficient halving of divisor classes offers the possibility to improve scalar multiplication on hyperelliptic curves and is also a step towards giving hyperelliptic curve cryptosystems all the features that elliptic curve systems have. We present a halving algorithm for divisor classes of genus 2 curves over finite fields of characteristic 2. We derive explicit halving formulae from a doubling algorithm by reversing this process. A family of binary curves, that are not known to be weak, is covered by the proposed algorithm. Compared to previous known halving algorithms, we achieve a noticeable speed-up for this family of curves

    Ăśber die Bestimmung von Galois-gruppen

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    Diplomarbei

    Bacterial mechanosensitive channels : what we can learn from a simple model system, when we design it to be more complicated

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    In sommige kanaaleiwitten van de celmembraan is het oppervlak van de porie waterafstotend. Daardoor kan de porie, hoewel fysiek openstaand, toch ontoegankelijk zijn. Jan Peter Birkner deed onderzoek naar deze zogenaamde hydrophobic gating eigenschap bij het kanaaleiwit MscL uit de bacterie Escherichia coli. In alle vormen van het leven zijn vloeistofstromen van groot belang; macroscopische stromen, zoals bijvoorbeeld het bloed in onze aderen of water in planten, maar ook microscopische stromen, zoals langs het grensvlak van een enkele cel of door kanaaleiwitten in de celmembraan. Als we inzoomen op deze kanaaleiwitten, zien we dat er op nanometerschaal andere fysische beperkingen zijn voor vloeistofstromen dan de beperkingen op macroscopisch niveau. In diverse kanaaleiwitten (KcsA, nAChR, MscL) is het oppervlak van de nauwe porie sterk waterafstotend. Hoewel moleculen er theoretisch qua grootte wel doorheen moeten kunnen, worden ze door het waterafstotende karakter van de porie toch geblokkeerd. Deze fysiek open, maar biologisch gesloten waterafstotende regio regelt de inkomende en uitgaande stofstroom door middel van een mechanisme dat men “hydrophobic gating” noemt. Het proefschrift van Birkner gaat voornamelijk over een door hem ontwikkelde nieuwe methode waarmee het mogelijk is individuele sub-eenheden van het kanaaleiwit MscL uit de bacterie E. coli te onderzoeken en te manipuleren. Hoewel het kanaaleiwit eigenlijk is opgebouwd uit vijf identieke sub-eenheden, was Birkner met behulp van deze techniek in staat om geleidelijk het waterafstotende karakter van de porie te veranderen door één voor één de sub-eenheden aan te passen en zo het proces van hydrophobic gating heel nauwkeurig bestuderen. Birkner slaagder erin experimenteel aan te tonen dat zowel het openen en sluiten van het kanaal volledig gemoduleerd wordt door slechts een deel van een enkele sub-eenheid en dat een minimale verandering in het waterafstotende karakter van de porie al voldoende is om het kanaaleiwit te openen. Daarom lijkt dit mechanisme ideaal voor een snelle reactie op veranderende omstandigheden. Bovendien bleek dat de vijf identieke sub-eenheden tijdens de overgang van een gesloten naar een geopend kanaaleiwit asymmetrisch bewegen. In all kingdoms of life there are substances flowing: macroscopic streams, like blood in our arteries and veins, or water in plants, but also microscopic ones, like occurring at the interface of a single cell or within membrane channels. When we zoom-in to the latter, to the nanometer scaled ion channels and solute pores of biological membranes, we face barriers for the flow beyond obvious physical restrictions. In the narrow confinements as found in various ion channels (KcsA, nAChR, MscL), hydrophobic entities provide a strong barrier to the flow of water and ions across cellular membranes even though their geometry would theoretically not block it. These physically open, but biologically closed hydrophobic motifs are thought to maintain the inward and outward traffic through ion channels by a mechanism designated hydrophobic gating. In my thesis, we report on our new method that allows single-subunit resolution for manipulating and monitoring of the mechanosensitive channel of large conductance from Escherichia coli. We gradually changed the hydrophobicity of the pore constriction in this homopentameric protein by modifying a critical pore residue one subunit at a time. Our experimental results suggest that both the channel opening and closing are initiated by one helix of a single subunit and that the participation of each of the five identical subunits to the structural transitions between the closed and open states is asymmetrical. The minimal change in pore hydrophobicity required for gating seems ideal for a fast and energy-efficient response to the changes in the membrane tension.
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